What mechanism primarily governs the process of ventilation in the lungs?

Ventilation in the lungs is primarily governed by changes in pressure, which relate to the mechanics of breathing. The process involves the diaphragm and intercostal muscles contracting and relaxing to create differences in pressure between the outside atmosphere and the inside of the thoracic cavity. When the diaphragm and intercostal muscles contract, the thoracic cavity expands, and the pressure within the cavity decreases compared to atmospheric pressure, causing air to flow into the lungs (inhalation). Conversely, when these muscles relax, the volume of the thoracic cavity decreases, increasing the pressure inside the lungs and pushing air out into the atmosphere (exhalation).

Changes in pressure are crucial to this process, as they are the driving force that facilitates the movement of air in and out of the lungs. Understanding this mechanism highlights how the respiratory system functions efficiently to ensure adequate gas exchange during both rest and activity.